9.0 References#
Ahumada, J. A., Fegraus, E., Birch, T., Flores, N., Kays, R., O’Brien, T. G., Palmer, J., Schuttler, S., Zhao, J. Y., Jetz, W., Kinnaird, M., Kulkarni, S., Lyet, A., Thau, D., Duong, M., Oliver, R., & Dancer, A. (2019). Wildlife Insights: A Platform to Maximize the Potential of Camera Trap and Other Passive Sensor Wildlife Data for the Planet. Environmental Conservation, 47(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0376892919000298
Ahumada, J. A., Silva, C. E. F., Gajapersad, K., Hallam, C., Hurtado, J., Martin, E., McWilliam, A., Mugerwa, B., O’Brien, T., Rovero, F., Sheil, D., Spironello, W. R., Winarni, N., & Andelman, S. J. (2011). Community Structure and Diversity of Tropical Forest Mammals: Data from a Global Camera Trap Network. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, 366(1578), 2703–2711. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0115
Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute [ABMI] (2021). Terrestrial ARU and Remote Camera Trap Protocols: Edmonton, Alberta. https://abmi.ca/home/publications/551-600/599
Alberta Remote Camera Steering Committee (RCSC). 2024. Remote Camera Metadata Standards: Standards for Alberta. Version 2.0. Edmonton, Alberta. https://ab-rcsc.github.io/RCSC-WildCAM_Remote-Camera-Survey-Guidelines-and-Metadata-Standards/2_metadata-standards/2_0.1_Citation-and-Info.html
Alonso, R. S., McClintock, B. T., Lyren, L. M., Boydston, E. E., & Crooks, K. R. (2015). Mark-recapture and Mark-resight Methods for Estimating Abundance with Remote Cameras: A Carnivore Case Study. PLoS One, 10(3), e0123032. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0123032
Anile, S., & Devillard, S. (2016). Study Design and Body Mass Influence RAIs from Camera Trap Studies: Evidence from the Felidae. Animal Conservation, 19(1), 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12214
Apps, P. J., & McNutt, J. W. (2018). How Camera Traps work and how to work them. African Journal of Ecology, 56(4), 702–709. https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.12563
Arnason, A. N., Schwarz, C. J. & Gerrard, J. M. (1991). Estimating Closed Population Size and Number of Marked Animals from Sighting Data. Journal of Wildlife Management, 55(4), 716–730. https://doi.org/10.2307/3809524
Augustine, B. C., Royle, J. A., Kelly, M. J., Satter, C. B., Alonso, R. S., Boydston, E. E., & Crooks, K. R. (2018). Spatial Capture–Recapture with Partial Identity: An Application to Camera Traps. The Annals of Applied Statistics, 12(1), 67-95. https://doi.org/10.1214/17AOAS1091
Augustine, B. C., Royle, J. A., Murphy, S. M. Chandler, R. B., Cox, J. J., & Kelly, M. J. (2019). Spatial Capture–Recapture for Categorically Marked Populations with an Application to Genetic Capture–Recapture. Ecosphere, 10(4) e02627-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2627
Bayne, E., Dennett, J., Dooley, J., Kohler, M., Ball, J., Bidwell, M., Braid, A., Chetelat, J., Dillegeard, E., Farr, D., Fisher, J., Freemark, M., Foster, K., Godwin, C., Hebert, C., Huggard, D., McIssac, D., Narwani, T., Nielsen, S., Pauli, B., Prasad, S., Roberts, D., Slater, S., Song, S., Swanson, S., Thomas, P., Toms, J., Twitchell, C., White, S., Wyatt,& F., Mundy, L. (2021). Oil Sands Monitoring Program: A Before-After Dose- Response Terrestrial Biological Monitoring Framework for the Oil Sands. (OSM Technical Report Series No. 7). https://open.alberta.ca/publications/9781460151341
Becker, M., Huggard, D. J., Dickie, M., Warbington, C., Schieck, J., Herdman, E., Serrouya, R., & Boutin, S. (2022). Applying and Testing a Novel Method to Estimate Animal Density from Motion-Triggered Cameras. Ecosphere, 13(4), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.4005
Beery, S., Morris, D., & Yang, S. (2019). Efficient Pipeline for Camera Trap Image Review. Microsoft AI for Earth. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1907.06772
Bessone, M., Kühl, H. S., Hohmann, G., Herbinger, I., N’Goran, K. P., Asanzi, P., Da Costa, P. B., Dérozier, V., Fotsing, E. D. B., Beka, B. I., Iyomi, M. D., Iyatshi, I. B., Kafando, P., Kambere, M. A., Moundzoho, D. B., Wanzalire, M. L. K., Fruth, B., & Michalski, F. (2020). Drawn out of the Shadows: Surveying Secretive Forest Species with Camera Trap Distance Sampling. Journal of Applied Ecology, 57(5), 963–974. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13602
Bischof, R., Dupont, P., Milleret, C., ChipperfIeld, J., & Royle, J.A. (2020). Consequences of Ignoring Group Association in Spatial Capture-Recapture Analysis. Wildlife Biology, 2020(1). https://doi.org/10.2981/wlb.00649
Blanc, L., Marboutin, E., Gatti, S. & Gimenez, O. (2013). Abundance of Rare and Elusive Species: Empirical Investigation of Closed versus Spatially Explicit Capture-Recapture Models with Lynx as a Case Study. Journal of Wildlife Management, 77(2), 372–78. https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.453
Blasco‐Moreno, A., Pérez‐Casany, M., Puig, P., Morante, M., Castells, E., & O’Hara, R. B. (2019). What Does a Zero Mean? Understanding False, Random and Structural Zeros in Ecology. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 10(7), 949-959. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.13185
Bliss, C. I., & Fisher, R. A. (1953). Fitting the Negative Binomial Distribution to Biological Data. Biometrics, 9(2), 176-200. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001850
Borchers, D. L., & Efford, M. G. (2008). Spatially Explicit Maximum Likelihood Methods for Capture-Recapture Studies. Biometrics, 64(2), 377–385. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0420.2007.00927.x
Borcher, D.L. & Marques, T.A. (2017). From Distance Sampling to Spatial Capture–Recapture. Asta Advances In Statistical Analysis, 101, 475–494. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10182-016-0287-7
Bowkett, A. E., Rovero, F., & Marshall, A. R. (2008). The use of camera-trap data to model habitat use by antelope species in the udzungwa mountain forests, tanzania. African Journal of Ecology, 46(4), 479–487. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2007.00881.x
Bridges, A. S., & Noss, A. J. (2011). Behavior and Activity Patterns. In A. F. O’Connell, J. D. Nichols, & K. U. Karanth (Eds.), Camera Traps In Animal Ecology: Methods and Analyses (pp. 57–70). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-99495-4
Burgar, J. M. (2021). Counting Elk Amongst the Trees: Improving the Accuracy of Roosevelt Elk Inventory via Modelling, Preliminary Report 2021. Terrestrial Wildlife Resources, South Coast Resource Management, FLNRORD. (available upon request).
Burgar, J. M., Stewart, F. E. C., Volpe, J. P., Fisher, J. T., & Burton, A. C. (2018). Estimating density for species conservation: comparing camera trap spatial count models to genetic spatial capture-recapture models. Global Ecology and Conservation, 15, Article e00411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00411
Burton, A. C., Neilson, E., Moreira, D., Ladle, A., Steenweg, R., Fisher, J. T., Bayne, E., Boutin, S., & Stephens, P. (2015). Camera trap Trapping: A Review and Recommendations for Linking surveys to Ecological Processes. Journal of Applied Ecology, 52(3), 675–685. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12432
Cappelle, N., Howe, E. J., Boesch, C., & Kühl, H. S. (2021). Estimating Animal Abundance and Effort–Precision Relationship with Camera Trap Distance Sampling. Ecosphere, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3299
Caravaggi, A., Burton, A. C., Clark, D. A., Fisher, J. T., Grass, A., Green, S., Hobaiter, C., Hofmeester, T. R., Kalan, A. K., Rabaiotti, D., & Rivet, D. (2020). A Review of Factors To Consider When Using Camera Traps To Study Animal Behavior To Inform Wildlife Ecology And Conservation. Conservation Science and Practice, 2(8). https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.239
Carbone, C., Christie, S., Conforti, K., Coulson, T., Franklin, N., Ginsberg, J. R., Griffiths, M., Holden, J., Kawanishi, K., Kinnaird, M., Laidlaw, R., Lynam, A., Macdonald, D. W., Martyr, D., McDougal, C., Nath, L., O’Brien, T., Seidensticker, J., Smith, D. J. L., Wan Shahruddin, W. N. (2001). The use of photographic rates to estimate densities of tigers and other cryptic mammals. Animal Conservation, 4(1), 75–79. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1367943001001081
Caughley, G. (1977). Analysis of Vertebrate Populations (pp. 234). Wiley.
Chandler, R. B., & Royle, J. A. (2013). Spatially explicit models for inference about density in unmarked or partially marked populations. The Annals of Applied Statistics, 7(2), 936–954. https://doi.org/10.1214/12-aoas610
Chatterjee, N., Schuttler, T. G., Nigam, P., & Habib, B. (2021). Deciphering the rarity–detectability continuum: optimizing survey design for terrestrial mammalian community. Ecosphere 12(9), e03748. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3748
Clark, T. G., Bradburn, M. J., Love, S. B., & Altman, D. G. (2003). Survival Analysis Part I: Basic Concepts and First Analyses. British Journal of Cancer, 89(2), 232–38. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6601118
Clarke, J. D. (2019). Comparing Clustered Sampling Designs for Spatially Explicit Estimation of Population Density. Population Ecology, 61, 93–101. https://doi.org/10.1002/1438-390X.1011
Clarke, J. & Bohm, H. & Burton, C. & Constantinou, A. (2023). Using Camera Traps to Estimate Medium and Large Mammal Density: Comparison of Methods and Recommendations for Wildlife Managers. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.18364.72320
Columbia Mountains Institute of Applied Ecology (CMI). (2020) Chris Beirne: Tips and Tricks for the Organization and Analysis of Camera Trap Data. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VadXgBMhiTY
Colyn, R. B., Radloff, F., & O’Riain, M. J. (2018). Camera trapping mammals in the scrubland’s of the cape floristic kingdom - the importance of effort, spacing and trap placement. Biodiversity and Conservation, 27(2), 503–520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-017-1448-z
Cusack, J. Dickman, A. J., Rowcliffe, J. M., Carbone, C., Macdonald, D. W., & Coulson, T. (2015). Random versus Game Trail-based Camera trap Placement Strategy for Monitoring Terrestrial Mammal Communities. PloS One,10(5), e0126373. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0126373
Davis, R. S., E. L. Stone, L. K. Gentle, W. O. Mgoola, A. Uzal, and R. W. Yarnell. (2021). Spatial Partial Identity Model Reveals Low Densities of Leopard and Spotted Hyaena in a Miombo Woodland. Journal of Zoology, 313, 43-53. https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jzo.12838
Dénes, F. V., Silveira, L. F., Beissinger, S. R., & Isaac, N. (2015). Estimating Abundance of Unmarked Animal Populations: Accounting for Imperfect Detection and Other Sources of Zero Inflation. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 6(5), 543–556. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.12333
Dillon, A., & Kelly, M. J. (2008). Ocelot Home Range, Overlap and Density: Comparing Radio Telemetry with Camera Trapping. Journal of Zoology, 275, 391–398. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00452.x
Doran-Myers, D. (2018). Methodological Comparison of Canada Lynx Density Estimation [Master of Science in Ecology thesis, University of Alberta]. ERA: Education and Research Archive. https://doi.org/10.7939/R3Q815805
Duquette, J. F., Belant, J. L., Svoboda, N. J., Beyer Jr., D. E., & Albright, C.A. (2014). Comparison of occupancy modeling and radiotelemetry to estimate ungulate population dynamics. Population Ecology, 56, 481-492. https://www.academia.edu/23421255/.
Efford, M. (2004). Density Estimation in Live-Trapping Studies. Oikos, 106(3), 598–610. http://www.jstor.org.login.ezproxy.library.ualberta.ca/stable/3548382
Efford, M. G. (2022). Mark–resight in secr 4.5. 1–20. https://www.otago.ac.nz/density/pdfs/secr-markresight.pdf
Efford, M. G., Borchers, D. L., & Byrom, A. E. (2009a). Density Estimation by Spatially Explicit Capture-Recapture: Likelihood-Based Methods. In D. L. Thomson, E. G. Cooch, & M. J. Conroy (Eds.), Modeling Demographic Processes In Marked Populations (pp. 255–269). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78151-8_11
Efford, M. G., & Boulanger, J. (2019). Fast Evaluation of Study Designs for Spatially Explicit Capture–Recapture. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 10(9), 1529–1535. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.13239
Efford, M. G., Dawson, D. K., & Borchers, D. L. (2009b). Population density estimated from locations of individuals on a passive detector array. Ecology, 90(10), 2676–2682. https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1735.1
Efford, M. G., & Hunter, C. M. (2018). Spatial Capture-mark-resight Estimation of Animal Population Density. Biometrics, 74(2), 411–420. https://doi.org/10.1111/biom.12766
Espartosa, K. D., Pinotti, B. T. & Pardini, R. (2011). Performance of Camera Trapping and Track Counts for Surveying Large Mammals in Rainforest Remnants. Biodiversity Conservation, 20(12), 2815–2829. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-011-0110-4
Fancourt, B. A. (2016). Avoiding the subject: The implications of avoidance behaviour for detecting predators. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 70(9), 1535–1546. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-016-2162-7
Fennell, M., Beirne, C., & Burton, A. C. (2022). Use of object detection in camera trap image identification: Assessing a method to rapidly and accurately classify human and animal detections for research and application in recreation ecology. Global Ecology and Conservation, 35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02104
Findlay, M. A., Briers, R. A. & White, P. J. C. (2020). Component processes of detection probability in camera-trap studies: understanding the occurrence of false-negatives. Mammal Research, 65, 167–180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13364-020-00478-y
Fisher, J. T., & Burton, C. (2012). Monitoring Mammals in Alberta: Recommendations for Remote Camera Trapping. Alberta Innovates - Technology Futures & Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute. https://doi.org/0.13140/RG.2.1.3944.3680
Fisher, J. T., Wheatley, M., & Mackenzie, D. (2014). Spatial Patterns of Breeding Success of Grizzly Bears derived from Hierarchical Multistate Models. Conservation Biology, 28(5), 1249–1259. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12302
Forrester, T., O’Brien, T., Fegraus, E., Jansen, P. A., Palmer, J., Kays, R., Ahumada, J., Stern, B., & McShea, W. (2016). An Open Standard for Camera Trap Data. Biodiversity Data Journal, 4, e10197. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e10197
Foster R. J., & Harmsen, B. J. (2012). A Critique of Density Estimation from Camera Trap Data. Journal of Wildlife Management, 76(2), 224–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.275
Found, R., & Patterson, B. R. (2020). Assessing Ungulate Populations in Temperate North America. Canadian Wildlife Biology and Management, 9(1), 21–42. https://cwbm.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Found-Patterson.pdf
Frey, S., Fisher, J.T., Burton, A.C., & Volpe, J.P. (2017). Investigating Animal Activity Patterns and Temporal Niche Partitioning using Camera-Trap Data: Challenges and Opportunities. Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation, 3 (3), 123–132. https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/rse2.60
Gallo, T., Fidino, M., Gerber, B., Ahlers, A. A., Angstmann, J. L., Amaya, M., Concilio, A. L., Drake, D., Gay, D., Lehrer, E. W., Murray, M. H., Ryan, T. J., St Clair, C. C., Salsbury, C. M., Sander, H. A., Stankowich, T., Williamson, J., Belaire, J. A., Simon, K., & Magle, S. B. (2022). Mammals Adjust Diel Activity across Gradients of Urbanization. Elife, 11. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.74756
Gálvez, N., Guillera-Arroita, G., Morgan, B.J.T. & Davies, Z.G. (2016). Cost-Efficient Effort Allocation for Camera-Trap Occupancy Surveys of Mammals. Biological Conservation, 204(B), 350–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.10.019
Ganskopp, D. C., & Johnson, D. D. (2007). GPS Error in Studies Addressing Animal Movements and Activities. Rangeland Ecology and Management, 60, 350–358. https://doi.org/10.2111/1551-5028(2007)60[350:GEISAA]2.0.CO;2
Gerber, B., Karpanty, S.S.M., Crawford, C., Kotschwar, M. & Randrianantenaina, J. (2010). An assessment of carnivore relative abundance and density in the eastern rainforests of Madagascar using remotely-triggered camera traps. Oryx, 44(2), 219–222. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605309991037
Gilbert, N. A., Clare, J. D. J., Stenglein, J. L., & Zuckerberg, B. (2021). Abundance Estimation of Unmarked Animals based on Camera-Trap Data. Conservation Biology, 35(1), 88-100. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13517
Gillespie, G. R., Brennan, K., Gentles, T., Hill, B., Low Choy, J., Mahney, T., Stevens, A., & Stokeld, D. (2015). A Guide for the use of Remote Cameras for Wildlife Survey in Northern Australia. Darwin: Charles Darwin University. https://nesplandscapes.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/5.2.4_a_guide_to_use_of_remote_cameras_for_wildlife_surveys_final_web2.pdf
Glen, A. S., Cockburn, S. Nichols, M. Ekanayake, J., & Warburton, B. (2013) Optimising Camera Traps for Monitoring Small Mammals. PloS one, 8(6), Article e67940. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067940
Government of Alberta (2023a) Proponent-led Indigenous consultations. Edmonton, Alberta. https://www.alberta.ca/proponent-led-indigenous-consultations.aspx
Government of Alberta (2023a) LAT Overview. Edmonton, Alberta. https://www.alberta.ca/lat-overview.aspx
Green, A. M., Chynoweth, M. W., & Şekercioğlu, Ç. H. (2020). Spatially Explicit Capture-Recapture Through Camera Trapping: A Review of Benchmark Analyses for Wildlife Density Estimation. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 8, Article 563477. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2020.563477
Greenberg, S. (2018). Timelapse: An Image Analyser for Camera Traps. University of Calgary. https://saul.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/timelapse/pmwiki.php?n=Main.Download2./
Greenberg, S. (2020). Automated Image Recognition for Wildlife Camera Traps: Making it Work for You. Research report, University of Calgary: Prism Digital Repository, August 21, 15 pages, https://prism.ucalgary.ca/items/f68a0c27-8502-4fe4-a3b9-3a3c2d994762
Guillera-Arroita, G., Ridout, M. S. & Morgan, B. J. T. (2010). Design of Occupancy Studies with Imperfect Detection. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 1, 131–139. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210X.2010.00017.x
Hall, K. W., Cooper, J. K., & Lawton, D. C. (2008). GPS accuracy: Hand-held versus RTK. CREWES Research Report, 20. https://www.crewes.org/Documents/ResearchReports/2008/2008-15.pdf
Harrison, X. A., Donaldson, L., Correa-Cano, M. E., Evans, J., Fisher, D. N., Goodwin, C. E. D., Robinson, B. S., Hodgson, D. J., & Inger, R. (2018). A Brief Introduction to Mixed Effects Modelling and Multi-Model Inference in Ecology. PeerJ, 6, Article e4794. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4794
Heilbron, D. C. (1994). Zero-Altered and other Regression Models for Count Data with Added Zeros. Biometrical Journal, 36(5), 531-547. https://doi.org/10.1002/bimj.4710360505
Huggard, D. (2018). Animal Density from Camera Data. Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute. https://www.abmi.ca/home/publications/501-550/516
Hurlbert, S. (1984). Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments. Ecological Monographs, 54(2), 187–211. https://doi.org/10.2307/1942661
Hofmeester, T. R., Cromsigt, J. P. G. M., Odden, J., Andrén, H., Kindberg, J., & Linnell, J. D. C. (2019). Framing Pictures: A Conceptual Framework to Identify and Correct for Biases in Detection Probability of Camera Traps Enabling Multi-Species Comparison. Ecology and Evolution, 9(4), 2320–2336. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4878
Holinda, D., Burgar, J. M., & Burton, A. C. (2020). Effects of scent lure on camera trap detections vary across mammalian predator and prey species. PLoS One, 15(5), e0229055. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229055
Howe, E. J., Buckland, S. T., Després-Einspenner, M.-L., & Kühl, H. S. (2017). Distance sampling with camera traps. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 8(11), 1558–1565. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12790
Iknayan, K. J., Tingley, M. W., Furnas, B. J., & Beissinger, S. R. (2014). Detecting Diversity: Emerging Methods to Estimate Species Diversity. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 29(2), 97–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2013.10.012
Jennelle, C. S., Runge, M. C., & MacKenzie, D. I. (2002). The Use of Photographic Rates to Estimate Densities of Tigers and Other Cryptic Mammals: A Comment on Misleading Conclusions. Animal Conservation, 5(2), 119–120. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1367943002002160
Jennrich, R. I., & Turner, F. B. (1969). Measurement of non-circular home range. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 22(2), 227–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5193(69)90002-2
Johanns, P, Haucke, T., & Steinhage, V. (2022) Automated Distance Estimation and Animal Tracking for Wildlife Camera Trapping. Ecological Informatics, 70, arXiv:2202.04613. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2202.04613
Junker, J., Kühl, H., Orth, L., Smith, R., Petrovan, S., & Sutherland, W. (2021). 7. Primate Conservation. In (pp. 435–486). https://doi.org/10.11647/obp.0267.07
Karanth, K. U. (1995). Estimating tiger Panthera tigris populations from camera-trap data using capture-recapture models. Biological Conservation, 71(3), 333–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(94)00057-W
Karanth, K. U., Nichols, J. D., & Kumar, N. S. (2011). Estimating tiger abundance from camera trap data: field surveys and analytical issues. In A. F. O’Connell, J. D. Nichols, & K. U. Karanth (Eds.), Camera Traps In Animal Ecology: Methods and Analyses (pp. 9–117). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-99495-4
Karanth, K. U., & Nichols, J. D. (1998). Estimation of tiger densities in India using photographic captures and recaptures. Ecology, 79(8), 2852–2862. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[2852:EOTDII]2.0.CO;2
Karanth, K. U., Nichols, J. D., Kumar, N. S., & Hines, J. E. (2006). Assessing Tiger Population Dynamics Using Photographic Capture–Recapture Sampling. Ecology, 87(11), 2925–2937. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2925:ATPDUP]2.0.CO;2
Kays, R., Hody, A., Jachowski, D. S., & Parsons, A. W. (2021). Empirical Evaluation of the Spatial Scale and Detection Process of Camera Trap surveys. Movement Ecology, 9, 41. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40462-021-00277-3.
Kays, R., Arbogast, B. S., Baker‐Whatton, M., Beirne, C., Boone, H. M., Bowler, M., Burneo, S. F., Cove, M. V., Ding, P., Espinosa, S., Gonçalves, A. L. S., Hansen, C. P., Jansen, P. A., Kolowski, J. M., Knowles, T. W., Lima, M. G. M., Millspaugh, J., McShea, W. J., Pacifici, K., & Spironello, W. R. (2020). An Empirical Evaluation of Camera Trap Study Design: How Many, How Long and When? Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 11(6), 700–713. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.13370
Kays, R., Tilak, S., Kranstauber, B., Jansen, P. A., Carbone, C., Rowcliffe, M. J., & He, Z. (2010). Monitoring wild animal communities with arrays of motion sensitive camera traps. arXiv Preprint, arXiv:1009.5718. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1009.5718
Kelejian, H. H., & Prucha, I.R., (1998). A generalized spatial two-stage least squares procedure for estimating a spatial autoregressive model with autoregressive disturbances. The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics,17:99-121.
Kelly, M. J., Noss, A. J., Bitetti, M. S., Maffei, L., Arispe, R. L., Paviolo, A., Angelo, C. D. D., & Di Blanco, Y. E. (2008). Estimating Puma Densities from Camera Trapping Across Three Study Sites: Bolivia, Argentina, And Belize. Journal of Mammalogy, 89(2), 408–418. https://doi.org/10.1644/06-MAMM-A-424R.1
Keim, J. L., DeWitt, P. D., Wilson, S. F., Fitzpatrick, J. J., Jenni, N. S., & Lele, S. R. (2021). Managing animal movement conserves predator–prey dynamics. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 19(7), 379-385. https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fee.2358
Keim, J. L., Lele, S. R., DeWitt, P. D., Fitzpatrick, J. J., Jenni, N. S. (2019). Estimating the intensity of use by interacting predators and prey using camera traps. Journal of Animal Ecology, 88: 690–701. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12960
Kinnaird, M. F., & O’Brien, T. G. (2011). Density estimation of sympatric carnivores using spatially explicit capture–recapture methods and standard trapping grid. Ecological Applications, 21(8), 2908–2916. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41417102
Kitamura, S., Thong-Aree, S., Madsri, S., & Poonswad, P. (2010). Mammal diversity and conservation in a small isolated forest of southern Thailand. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 58(1), 145–156. https://www.pangolinsg.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2018/06/Kitamura-et-al._2010_Mammal-diversity-in-small-forest-of-Southern-Thailand.pdf
Kucera, T. E., & R. H. Barrett. (2011). A History of Camera Trapping. In A. F. O’Connell, J. D. Nichols, & K. U. Karanth (Eds.), Camera Traps In Animal Ecology: Methods and Analyses (pp. 9–26). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-99495-4_6
Kusi, N., Sillero‐Zubiri, C., Macdonald, D. W., Johnson, P. J., & Werhahn, G. (2019). Perspectives of traditional Himalayan communities on fostering coexistence with Himalayan wolf and snow leopard. Conservation Science and Practice, 2(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.165
Krebs, C. J., Boonstra, R., Gilbert, S., Reid, D., Kenney, A. J., Hofer, E. J., & an Vuren, D. H. (2011). Density estimation for small mammals from livetrapping grids: rodents in northern Canada. Journal of Mammalogy, 92(5), 974–981. https://doi.org/10.1644/10-M
Kruger, H., Vaananen, V.-M., Holopainen, S., & Nummi, P. (2018). The new faces of nest predation in agricultural landscapes - a camera trap survey with artificial nests. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 64(6), 76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-018-1233-7
Lahoz-Monfort, J. J., & Magrath, M. J. L. (2021). A Comprehensive Overview of Technologies for Species and Habitat Monitoring and Conservation. Bioscience, 71(10), 1038–1062. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biab073
Lambert, D. (1992). Zero-Inflated Poisson Regression, with an application to Defects in Manufacturing. Technometrics, 34(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.2307/1269547
Lazenby, B. T., Mooney, N. J., & Dickman, C. R. (2015). Detecting species interactions using remote cameras: Effects on small mammals of predators, conspecifics, and climate. Ecosphere, 6(12), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1890/ES14-00522.1
Linden, D. W., Fuller, A. K., Royle, J. A., & Hare, M. P. (2017). Examining the occupancy–density relationship for a low‐density carnivore. Journal of Applied Ecology, 54(6), 2043–2052. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12883
Li, S., McShea, W. J., Wang, D. J., Huang, J. Z., & Shao, L. K. (2012). A Direct Comparison of Camera-Trapping and Sign Transects for Monitoring Wildlife in the Wanglang National Nature Reserve, China. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 36(3), 538–545. https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.161
Loonam, K. E., Lukacs, P. M., Ausband, D. E., Mitchell, M. S., & Robinson, H. S. (2021). Assessing the robustness of time-to-event models for estimating unmarked wildlife abundance using remote cameras. Ecological Applications, 31(6), Article e02388. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2388
Lynch, T. P., Alderman, R., & Hobday, A. J. (2015). A high-resolution panorama camera system for monitoring colony-wide seabird nesting behaviour. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 6(5), 491–499. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12339
MacKenzie, D. I., Nichols, J. D., Hines, J. E., Knutson, M. G., & Franklin, A. B. (2003). Estimating site occupancy, colonization, and local extinction when a species is detected imperfectly. Ecology, 84(8), 2200–2207. https://doi.org/10.1890/02-3090
MacKenzie, D. I., Bailey, L. L., & Nichols, J. D. (2004). Investigating Species Co-Occurrence Patterns When Species Are Detected Imperfectly. Journal of Animal Ecology, 73(3), 546–555. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00828.x
MacKenzie, D. I., Nichols, J. D., Lachman, G. B., Droege, S., Royle, J. A., & Langtimm, C. A. (2002). Estimating Site Occupancy Rates When Detection Probabilities Are Less Than One. Ecology, 83(8), 2248–2255. https://doi.org/10.2307/3072056
MacKenzie, D. I., Nichols, J. D., Royle, J. A., Pollock, K. H., Bailey, L. L., & Hines, J. E. (2006). Occupancy Estimation and Modeling: Inferring Patterns and Dynamics of Species Occurrence. Academic Press, USA.
MacKenzie, D. I., & Kendall, W. L. (2002) How Should Detection Probability Be Incorporated into Estimates of Relative Abundance? Ecology, 83(9), 2387–93. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[2387:HSDPBI]2.0.CO;2
Mackenzie, D. I., & Royle, J. A. (2005). Designing occupancy studies: general advice and allocating survey effort. Journal of Applied Ecology, 42, 1105–1114. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01098.x
Maffei, L., & Noss, A. J. (2008). How Small Is Too Small? Camera Trap Survey Areas and Density Estimates for Ocelots in the Bolivian Chaco. Biotropica, 40(1), 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00341.x
Manly, B.F.J., McDonald, L.L., & Thomas, D.L. (1993). Resource Selection by Animals: Statistical Design and Analysis for Field Studies. Chapman & Hall, London, p. 177.
Martin, T. G., Wintle, B. A., Rhodes, J. R., Kuhnert, P. M., Field, S. A., Low-Choy, S. J., Tyre, A. J., & Possingham, H. P. (2005). Zero Tolerance Ecology: Improving Ecological Inference by Modelling the Source of Zero Observations. Ecology Letters, 8(11), 1235-1246. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00826.x
McClintock, B. T., White, G. C., Antolin, M. F. & Tripp, D. W. (2009). Estimating abundance using mark-resight when sampling is with replacement or the number of marked individuals is unknown. Biometrics, 65(1), 237–246. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0420.2008.01047.x
McCullagh, P., & Nelder, J. A. (1989). Generalised Linear Models, 2nd edn. Chapman and Hall, London. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3242-6
McShea, W. J., Forrester, T., Costello, R., He, Z., & Kays, R. (2015). Volunteer-Run Cameras as Distributed Sensors for Macrosystem Mammal Research. Landscape Ecology, 31, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-015-0262-9
Meek, P. D., Ballard, G. A., & Falzon, G. (2016). The Higher You Go the Less You Will Know: Placing Camera Traps High to Avoid Theft Will Affect Detection. Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation, 2(4), 204–211. https://doi.org/10.1002/rse2.28
Meek, P. D., Ballard, G.-A., Fleming, P. J. S., Schaefer, M., Williams, W., & Falzon, G. (2014a). Camera Traps Can Be Heard and Seen by Animals. PLoS One, 9(10), e110832. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0110832
Meek, P. D., Ballard, G., Claridge, A., Kays, R., Moseby, K., O’Brien, T., O’Connell, A., Sanderson, J., Swann, D. E., Tobler, M., & Townsend, S. (2014b). Recommended Guiding Principles for Reporting on Camera trap Trapping Research. Biodiversity and Conservation, 23(9), 2321–2343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-014-0712-8
Mills, C. A., Godley, B. J., & Hodgson, D. J. (2016). Take Only Photographs, Leave Only Footprints: Novel Applications of Non-Invasive survey Methods for Rapid Detection of Small, Arboreal Animals. PloS One, 11(1), e0146142. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0146142
Mills, D., Fattebert, J., Hunter, L. & Slotow, R. (2019). Maximising camera trap data: Using
attractants to improve detection of elusive species in multi-species surveys. PLoS ONE, 14(5), e0216447. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216447
Moeller, A. K., Waller, S. J., DeCesare, N. J., Chitwood, M. C., & Lukacs, P. M. (2023). Best practices to account for capture probability and viewable area in camera‐based abundance estimation. Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation. https://doi.org/10.1002/rse2.300
Moeller, A. K., Lukacs, P. M., & Horne, J. S. (2018). Three Novel Methods to Estimate Abundance of Unmarked Animals using Remote Cameras. Ecosphere, 9(8), Article e02331. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2331
Moll, R. J., Ortiz-Calo, W., Cepek, J. D., Lorch, P. D., Dennis, P. M., Robison, T., & Montgomery, R. A. (2020). The effect of camera-trap viewshed obstruction on wildlife detection: implications for inference. Wildlife Research, 47(2). https://doi.org/10.1071/wr19004
Moqanaki, E.S., Milleret, C., Tourani, M., Dupont, P., & Bischof, R. (2021). Consequences of ignoring variable and spatially autocorrelated detection probability in spatial capture- recapture. Landscape Ecology, 36, 2879–2895. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-021-01283-x
Morin, D. J., Boulanger, J., Bischof, R., Lee, D. C., Ngoprasert, D., Fuller, A. K., McLellan, B., Steinmetz, R., Sharma, S., Garshelis, D., Gopalaswamy, A., Nawaz, M. A., & Karanth, U. (2022). Comparison of methods for estimating density and population trends for low-density Asian bears. Global Ecology and Conservation, 35, e02058 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02058
Morris, D. (2022). Everything I know about machine learning and camera traps. https://agentmorris.github.io/camera-trap-ml-survey/
Mullahy, J. (1986). Specification and Testing of Some Modified Count Data Models. Journal of Econometrics, 33(3), 341–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(86)90002-3
Murray, M. H., Hill J., Whyte, P., St Clair, C. C. (2016) Urban Compost Attracts Coyotes, Contains Toxins, and may Promote Disease in Urban-Adapted Wildlife. EcoHealth, 13(2):285–92. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27106524
Nakashima, Y., Fukasawa, & K., Samejima, H. (2018). Estimating Animal Density Without Individual Recognition Using Information Derivable Exclusively from Camera Traps. Journal of Applied Ecology, 55(2), 735–744. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13059
Neilson, E. W., Avgar, T., Burton, A. C., Broadley, K., & Boutin, S. (2018). Animal movement affects interpretation of occupancy models from camera‐trap surveys of unmarked animals. Ecosphere, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2092
Newbold, H. G. & King, C. M. (2009). Can a predator see invisible light? Infrared vision in ferrets (Mustelo furo). Wildlife Research, 36(4), 309–318. https://doi.org/10.1071/WR08083
Norouzzadeh, M. S., Morris, D., Beery, S., Joshi, N., Jojic, N., Clune, J., & Schofield, M. (2020). A deep active learning system for species identification and counting in camera trap images. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 12(1), 150–161. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.1350
Noss, A., Cuéllar, R., Barrientos, J., Maffei, L., Cuéllar, E., Arispe, R., Rumiz, D., & Rivero, K. (2003). A Camera trapping and radio telemetry study of lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris) in Bolivian dry forests. Tapir Conservation, 12, 24–32. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228541823_A_Camera_trapping_and_radio_telemetry_study_of_lowland_tapir_Tapirus_terrestris_in_Bolivian_dry_forests
Noss, A. J., Gardner, B., Maffei, L., Cuéllar, E., Montaño, R., Romero-Muñoz, A., Sollman, R., O’Connell, A. F., & Altwegg, R. (2012). Comparison of density estimation methods for mammal populations with camera traps in the Kaa-Iya del Gran Chaco landscape. Animal Conservation, 15(5), 527–535. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2012.00545.x
Obbard, M.E., Howe, E.J. & Kyle, C.J. (2010). Empirical Comparison of Density Estimators for Large Carnivores. Journal of Applied Ecology, 47(1), 76–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01758.x
O’Brien, T. G., Kinnaird, M. F. & Wibisono, H. T. (2003). Crouching tigers, hidden prey: Sumatran tiger and prey populations in a tropical forest landscape. Animal Conservation, 6(2), 131-139. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1367943003003172
O’Brien, T. G. (2011). Abundance, Density and Relative Abundance: A Conceptual Framework. In A. F. O’Connell, J. D. Nichols, & K. U. Karanth (Eds.), Camera Traps In Animal Ecology: Methods and Analyses (pp. 71–96). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-99495-4_6
O’Brien, T. (2010). Wildlife Picture Index: Implementation Manual Version 1.0. WCS Working Paper No. 39. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.538.8335&rep=rep1&type=pdf
O’Brien, T. G., Kinnaird, M. F., & Wibisono, H. T. (2011). Estimation of Species Richness of Large Vertebrates Using Camera Traps: An Example from an Indonesian Rainforest. In A. F. O’Connell, J. D. Nichols, & K. U. Karanth (Eds.), Camera Traps In Animal Ecology: Methods and Analyses (pp. 233–252). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-99495-4_6
O’Brien, T. G., & Kinnaird, M. F. (2011). Density estimation of sympatric carnivores using spatially explicit capture–recapture methods and standard trapping grid. Ecological Applications, 21(8), 2908–2916. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41417102
O’Connell, A. F., & Bailey, L. L. (2011a). Inference for Occupancy and Occupancy Dynamics. In O’Connell, A. F. Nichols, J. D. & Karanth, K. U. (Eds.), Camera Traps In Animal Ecology: Methods and Analyses (pp. 191–206). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-99495-4_6
O’Connor, K. M., Nathan, L. R., Liberati, M. R., Tingley, M. W., Vokoun, J. C., & Rittenhouse, T. A. G. (2017). Camera trap arrays improve detection probability of wildlife: Investigating study design considerations using an empirical dataset. PloS One, 12(4), e0175684. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175684
Pacifici, K., Reich, B. J., Dorazio, R. M., Conroy, M. J., & McPherson, J. (2016). Occupancy estimation for rare species using a spatially‐adaptive sampling design. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 7(3), 285–293. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.12499
Palencia, P., Rowcliffe, J. M., Vicente, J., & Acevedo, P. (2021). Assessing the camera trap methodologies used to estimate density of unmarked populations. Journal of Applied Ecology, 58(8), 1583–1592. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13913
Palencia, P., Vicente, J., Soriguer, R. C., & Acevedo, P. (2022). Towards a best‐practices guide for camera trapping: assessing differences among camera trap models and settings under field conditions. Journal of Zoology, 316(3), 197–208. https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12945
Palmer, M.S., Swanson, A., Kosmala, M., Arnold, T. & Packer, C. (2018). Evaluating relative abundance indices for terrestrial herbivores from large‐scale camera trap surveys. African Journal of Ecology, 56, 791-803. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/aje.12566
Parmenter, R. R., Yates, T. L., Anderson, D. R., Burnham, K. P., Dunnum, J. L., Franklin, A. B., Friggens, M. T., Lubow, B. C., Miller, M., Olson, G. S., Parmenter, C. A., Pollard, J., Rexstad, E., Shenk, T. M., Stanley, T. R., & White, G. C. (2003). Small-mammal density estimation: A field comparison of grid-based vs. web-based density estimators. Ecological Monographs, 73(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(2003)073[0001:Smdeaf]2.0.Co;2
Pease, B. S., Nielsen, C. K., & Holzmueller, E. J. (2016). Single-Camera Trap Survey Designs Miss Detections: Impacts on Estimates of Occupancy and Community Metrics. PloS One, 11(11), e0166689. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0166689
Powell, R. A., & Mitchell, M. S. (2012). What is a home range? Journal of Mammalogy, 93(4), 948-958. https://doi.org/10.1644/11-mamm-s-177.1
Ramage, B. S., Sheil, D., Salim, H. M. W., Fletcher, C., Mustafa, N.-Z. A., Luruthusamay, J. C., Harrison, R. D., Butod, E., Dzulkiply, A. D., Kassim, A. R., & Potts, M. D. (2013). Pseudoreplication in tropical forests and the resulting effects on biodiversity conservation. Conservation Biology, 27(2), 364–372. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23525262
Randler, C. and Kalb, N. (2018). Distance and size matters: A comparison of six wildlife camera traps and their usefulness for wild birds. Ecology and Evolution, 1-13. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ece3.4240
Reconyx Inc. (2018). Hyperfire Professional/Outdoor Instruction Manual. Holmen, WI, USA. https://www.reconyx.com/img/file/HyperFire_2_User_Guide_2018_07_05_v5.pdf
Resources Information Standards Committee (RISC). (2019). Camera trap Metadata Protocol: Standards for Components of British Columbia’s Biodiversity No. 44. Province of British Columbia Knowledge Management Branch, Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy, and Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development. Victoria, B.C. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/download/DABCE3A5C7934410A8307285070C24EA
Rich, L. N., Kelly, M. J., Sollmann, R., Noss, A. J., Maffei, L., Arispe, R. L., Paviolo, A., De Angelo, C. D., Di Blanco, Y. E., & Di Bitetti, M. S. (2014). Comparing capture-recapture, mark-resight, and spatial mark-resight models for estimating puma densities via camera traps. Journal of Mammalogy, 95(2), 382–391. https://doi.org/10.1644/13-mamm-a-126
Ridout, M. S., & Linkie, M. (2009). Estimating overlap of daily activity patterns from camera trap data. Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics, 14(3), 322–337. https://doi.org/10.1198/jabes.2009.08038
Robinson, S. G., Weithman, C. E., Bellman, H. A., Prisley, S. P., Fraser, J. D., Catlin, D. H., & Karpanty, S. M. (2020). Assessing Error in Locations of Conspicuous Wildlife Using Handheld GPS Units and Location Offset Methods. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 44(1), 163-172. https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.1055
Rovero, F., & Marshall, A. R. (2009). Camera Trapping Photographic Rate as an Index of Density in Forest Ungulates. Journal of Applied Ecology, 46(5), 1011–1017. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25623081
Rovero, F., Zimmermann, F., Berzi, D., & Meek, P. (2013). Which camera trap type and how many do I need? A review of camera features and study designs for a range of wildlife research applications. Hystrix, the Italian Journal of Mammalogy, 24(2), 148–156. https://doi.org/10.4404/hystrix-24.2-6316
Rovero, F., & Zimmermann, F. (2016). Camera Trapping for Wildlife Research. Exeter: Pelagic Publishing, UK.
Rowcliffe, J. M., & C. Carbone. (2008). Surveys Using Camera Traps: Are We Looking to a Brighter Future?” Animal Conservation, 11(3), 185–86. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2008.00180.x
Rowcliffe, M. J., Carbone, C., Jansen, P. A., Kays, R., & Kranstauber, B. (2011). Quantifying the sensitivity of camera traps: an adapted distance sampling approach. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 2(5), 464–476. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210X.2011.00094.x
Rowcliffe, J. M., Field, J., Turvey, S. T., & Carbone, C. (2008). Estimating animal density using camera traps without the need for individual recognition. Journal of Applied Ecology, 45(4), 1228–1236. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01473.x
Rowcliffe, J. M., Kays, R., Carbone, C., & Jansen, P. A. (2013). Clarifying assumptions behind the estimation of animal density from camera trap rates. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 77(5), 876–876. https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.533
Rowcliffe, J. M., Kays, R., Kranstauber, B., Carbone, C., Jansen, P. A., & Fisher, D. (2014). Quantifying levels of animal activity using camera trap data. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 5(11), 1170–1179. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.12278
Rowcliffe, J. M., Jansen, P. A., Kays, R., Kranstauber, B. & Carbone, C. (2016). Wildlife speed cameras: measuring animal travel speed and day range using camera traps. Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation, 2, 84–94. https://doi.org/10.1002/rse2.17
Royle, J. A. (2004). N-mixture Models for estimating population size from spatially Repeated Counts. International Biometric Society, 60(1), 108–115. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3695558
Royle, J. A., Converse, S. J., & Freckleton, R. (2014). Hierarchical spatial capture-recapture models: modelling population density in stratified populations. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 5(1), 37-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.12135
Royle, J. A., & Nichols, J. D. (2003). Estimating abundance from repeated presence–absence data or point counts. Ecology, 84, 777–790. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[0777:EAFRPA]2.0.CO;2
Royle, J. A., Nichols, J. D., Karanth, K. U., & Gopalaswamy, A. M. (2009). A hierarchical model for estimating density in camera-trap studies. Journal of Applied Ecology, 46(1), 118–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01578.x
Royle, J. A., & Young, K. V. (2008). A hierarchical model for spatial capture-recapture data. Ecology, 89(8), 2281–2289. https://doi.org/10.1890/07-0601.1
Samejima, H., Ong, R., Lagan, P. & Kitayama, K. (2012). Camera-trapping rates of mammals and birds in a Bornean tropical rainforest under sustainable forest management. Forest Ecology and Management, 270, 248–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.01.013
Schlexer, F. V. (2008). Attracting Animals to Detection Devices. In R. A. Long, P. MacKay, W. J. Zielinski, & J. C. Ray (Eds.), Noninvasive Survey Methods for Carnivores (pp. 263–292). Island Press. https://www.gwern.net/docs/cat/biology/2008-schlexer.pdf
Schenider, S., Taylor, G.W., Linquist, S., & Kremer, S.C. (2018). Past, Present, and Future Approaches Using Computer Vision for Animal Re-Identification from Camera Trap Data. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 10, 461-470. https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/2041-210X.13133
Schweiger, A. K. (2020). Spectral Field Campaigns: Planning and Data Collection. In Remote Sensing of Plant Biodiversity (pp. 385–423). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33157-3_15
Scotson, L., Johnston, L. R., Lannarilli, F., Wearn, O. R., Mohd‐Azlan, J., Wong, W. M., Gray, T. N. E., Dinata, Y., Suzuki, A., Willard, C. E., Frechette, J., Loken, B., Steinmetz, R., Moßbrucker, A. M., Clements, G. R., & Fieberg, J. (2017). Best Practices and Software for the Management and Sharing of Camera Trap Data for Small and Large Scales Studies. Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation, 3(3), 158–172. https://doi.org/10.1002/rse2.54
Shannon, G., Lewis, J. S. & Gerber, B. D. (2014). Recommended Survey Designs for Occupancy Modelling using Motion-activated Cameras: Insights from Empirical Wildlife Data. PeerJ, 2, e532. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.532
Seccombe, S. (2017). ZSL Trail Camera Comparison Testing. Zoological Society of London: Conservation Technology Unit. https://www.wildlabs.net/sites/default/files/community/files/zsl_trail_camera_comparison_for_external_use.pdf
Séquin E. S., Jaeger M. M., Brussard P. F., & Barrett R. H. (2003). Wariness of Coyotes to Camera Traps Relative to Social Status and Territory Boundaries. Lincoln, NE, USA: University of Nebraska–Lincoln. https://doi.org/10.1139/z03-204
Si, X., Kays, R., & Ding, P. (2014). How long is enough to detect terrestrial animals? Estimating the minimum trapping effort on camera traps. PeerJ, 2, e374. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.374
Sirén, A. P. K., Somos‐Valenzuela, M., Callahan, C., Kilborn, J. R., Duclos, T., Tragert, C., & Morelli., T. L. (2018) Looking beyond Wildlife: Using Remote Cameras to Evaluate Accuracy of Gridded Snow Data. Edited by Marcus Rowcliffe and Sadie Ryan. Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation, 4(4), 375–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/rse2.85
Sollmann, R. (2018). A gentle introduction to camera‐trap data analysis. African Journal of Ecology, 56, 740–749. https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.12557
Sollmann, R., Furtado, M.M., Gardner, B., Hofer, H., Jácomo, A.T.A., Tôrres, N.M. & Silveira, L. (2011). Improving Density Estimates for Elusive Carnivores: Accounting for Sex-Specific Detection and Movements Using Spatial Capture–Recapture Models for Jaguars in Central Brazil. Biological Conservation, 144(3), 1017–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.12.011
Sollmann, R., Gardner, B. & Belant, J. L. (2012). How does Spatial Study Design Influence Density Estimates from Spatial capture-recapture models? PLoS One, 7, e34575. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034575
Sollmann, R., Gardner, B., Chandler, R. B., Shindle, D. B., Onorato, D. P., Royle, J. A., O’Connell, A. F., & Lukacs, P. (2013a). Using multiple data sources provides density estimates for endangered Florida panther. Journal of Applied Ecology, 50(4), 961–968. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12098
Sollmann, R., Gardner, B., Parsons, A. W., Stocking, J. J., McClintock, B. T., Simons, T. R., Pollock, K. H., & O’Connell, A. F. (2013b). A Spatial Mark-Resight Model Augmented with Telemetry Data. Ecology, 94(3), 553–559. https://doi.org/10.1890/12-1256.1
Sollmann, R., Mohamed, A., Samejima, H., & Wilting, A. (2013c). Risky Business or Simple Solution – Relative Abundance Indices from Camera-Trapping. Biological Conservation, 159, 405–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.12.025
Soria-Díaz, L., Monroy-Vilchis, O., Rodríguez-Soto, C., Zarco-González, M., & Urios, V. (2010). Variation of Abundance and Density of Puma concolor in Zones of High and Low Concentration of Camera Traps in Central Mexico. Animal Biology, 60(4), 361-371. https://doi.org/10.1163/157075610X523251
Steenweg, R., Hebblewhite, M., Kays, R., Ahumada, J., Fisher, J. T., Burton, C., Townsend, S. E., Carbone, C., Rowcliffe, J. M., Whittington, J., Brodie, J., Royle, J. A., Switalski, A., Clevenger, A. P., Heim, N., & Rich, L. N. (2017). Scaling‐up Camera Traps: Monitoring the Planet’s Biodiversity with Networks of Remote Sensors. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 15(1), 26–34. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.l448
Steenweg, R., Hebblewhite, M., Whittington, J., Lukacs, P., & McKelvey, K. (2018). Sampling scales define occupancy and underlying occupancy–abundance relationships in animals. Ecology, 99(1), 172–183. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2054
Steenweg, R., Hebblewhite, M., Whittington, J., & Mckelvey, K. (2019). Species‐specific Differences in Detection and Occupancy Probabilities Help Drive Ability to Detect Trends in Occupancy. Ecosphere, 10(4), Article e02639. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2639
Steenweg, R., Whittington, J., & Hebblewhite, M. (2015). Canadian Rockies remote camera multi-species occupancy project: Examining trends in carnivore populations and their prey. University of Montana. http://parkscanadahistory.com/wildlife/steenweg-2015.pdf
Steinbeiser, C. M., Kioko, J., Maresi, A., Kaitilia, R., & Kiffner, C. (2019). Relative Abundance and Activity Patterns Explain Method-Related Differences in Mammalian Species Richness Estimates. Journal of Mammalogy, 100(1), 192–201. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyy175
Stokeld, D., Frank, A. S., Hill, B., Choy, J. L., Mahney, T., Stevens, A., & Gillespie, G. R. (2016). Multiple Cameras Required to Reliably Detect Feral Cats in Northern Australian Tropical Savannah: An Evaluation of Sampling Design When Using Camera Traps. Wildlife Research, 42(8), 642–649. https://doi.org/10.1071/WR15083
Sun, C., Beirne, C., Burgar, J. M., Howey, T., Fisher, J. T., Burton, A. C., Rowcliffe, M., & Hofmeester, T. (2021). Simultaneous Monitoring of Vegetation Dynamics and Wildlife Activity with Camera Traps to Assess Habitat Change. Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation, 7(4), 666-684. https://doi.org/10.1002/rse2.222
Sun, C., Burgar, J. M., Fisher, J. T., & Burton, A. C. (2022). A Cautionary Tale Comparing Spatial Count and Partial Identity Models for Estimating Densities of Threatened and Unmarked Populations. Global Ecology and Conservation, 38, e02268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02268
Sun, C. C., Fuller, A. K., & Royle., J. A. (2014). Trap Configuration and Spacing Influences Parameter Estimates in Spatial Capture-Recapture Models. PLoS One, 9(2): e88025. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0088025.
Suwanrat, S., Ngoprasert, D., Sutherland, C., Suwanwareea, P., Savini, T. (2015). Estimating density of secretive terrestrial birds (Siamese Fireback) in pristine and degraded forest using camera traps and distance sampling. Global Ecology and Conservation, 3, 596–606. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989415000116
Tabak, M. A., Norouzzadeh, M. S., Wolfson, D. W., Sweeney, S. J., Vercauteren, K. C., Snow, N. P., Halseth, J. M., Di Salvo, P. A., Lewis, J. S., White, M. D., Teton, B., Beasley, J. C., Schlichting, P. E., Boughton, R. K., Wight, B., Newkirk, E. S., Ivan, J. S., Odell, E. A., Brook, R. K., … Photopoulou, T. (2018). Machine Learning to Classify Animal Species in Camera Trap Images: Applications in Ecology. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 10(4), 585–590. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.13120
The WILDLABS Partnership (2021). How do I get started with Megadetector? Siyu Y. https://www.wildlabs.net/event/how-do-i-get-started-megadetector
Thorn, M., Scott, D. M., Green, M., Bateman, P. W. & Cameron, E. Z. (2009). Estimating Brown Hyaena Occupancy using Baited Camera Traps. South African Journal of Wildlife Research, 39(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3957/056.039.0101
Tobler, M. W., Pitman, R. L., Mares, R. & Powell, G. (2008). An Evaluation of Camera Traps for Inventorying Large- and Medium-Sized Terrestrial Rainforest Mammals. Animal Conservation, 11, 169–178. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2008.00169.x
Tobler, M. W. & Powell, G. V. N. (2013). Estimating jaguar densities with camera traps: problems with current designs and recommendations for future studies. Biological Conservation, 159, 109–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.12.009
Twining, J. P., McFarlane, C., O’Meara, D., O’Reilly, C., Reyne, M., Montgomery, W. I. Helyar, S., Tosh, D. G., & Augustine, B. C. (2022) A Comparison of Density Estimation Methods for Monitoring Marked and Unmarked Animal Populations. Ecosphere, 13(10), e4165. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.4165
Van Wilgenburg, S.L., Mahon, C.L., Campbell, G., McLeod, L., Campbell, M., Evans, D., Easton, W., Francis, C.M., Hache´, S., Machtans, C.S., Mader, C., Pankratz, R.F., Russell, R., Smith, A.C., Thomas, P., Toms, J.D., Tremblay, J.A. (2020). A Cost Efficient Spatially Balanced Hierarchical Sampling Design for Monitoring Boreal Birds Incorporating Access Costs and Habitat Stratification. PLoS ONE, 15(6). https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0234494
Velez, J., McShea, W., Shamon, H., Castiblanco-Camacho, P.J., Tabak, M.A., Chalmers, C., Fergus, P. & Fieberg, J. (2023). An Evaluation of Platforms for Processing Camera-Trap Data using Artificial Intelligence. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 145, 459-477. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.14044
Vidal, M., Wolf, N., Rosenberg, B., Harris, B.P. & Mathis, A. (2021). Perspectives on Individual Animal Identification from Biology and Computer Vision. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 61(3), 900-916. https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/61/3/900/6288456
Warbington, C. H., & Boyce, M. S. (2020). Population density of sitatunga in riverine wetland habitats. Global Ecology and Conservation, 24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01212
Wearn, O. R., Carbone, C., Rowcliffe, J. M., Bernard, H. & Ewers, R. M. (2016). Grain-dependent responses of mammalian diversity to land-use and the implications for conservation set-aside. Ecological Applications, 26(5), 1409–1420. https://doi.org/10.1890/15-1363
Wearn, O. R., & Glover-Kapfer, P. (2017). Camera-Trapping for Conservation: A Guide to Best-ractices. WWF conservation technology series, 1, 1–181. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.23409.17767
Wearn, O. R., Rowcliffe, J. M., Carbone, C., Bernard, H., & Ewers, R. M. (2013). Assessing the status of wild felids in a highly-disturbed commercial forest reserve in Borneo and the implications for camera trap survey design. PLoS One, 8(11), e77598. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077598
Wegge, P., C. P. Pokheral, & Jnawali, S. R. (2004). Effects of trapping effort and trap shyness on estimates of tiger abundance from camera trap studies. Animal Conservation 7, 251–256. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1367943004001441
Welbourne, D.J., Claridge, A.W., Paul, D.J. & Lambert, A. (2016). How do passive infrared triggered camera traps operate and why does it matter? Breaking down common misconceptions. Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation, 77-83. https://doi.or/10.1002/rse2.20
Wellington, K., Bottom, C., Merrill, C., & Litvaitis, J. A. (2014). Identifying performance differences among trail cameras used to monitor forest mammals. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 38(3), 634–638. https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.425
Whittington, J., Hebblewhite, M., Chandler, R. B., & Lentini, P. (2018). Generalized spatial mark-resight models with an application to grizzly bears. Journal of Applied Ecology, 55(1), 157–168. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12954
WildCAM Network (2019). WildCAM Network Camera Trapping Best Practices Literature Synthesis. https://wildcams.ca/site/assets/files/1390/wildcam_network_camera_trapping_best_practices_literature_synthesis.pdf
WildCo Lab (2020). WildCo_Image_Renamer. WildCoLab/WildCo_Image_Renamer
WildCo Lab (2021a). WildCo-FaceBlur. WildCoLab/WildCo_Face_Blur
WildCo Lab (2021b). WildCo: Reproducible camera trap data exploration and analysis examples in R. University of British Columbia. https://bookdown.org/c_w_beirne/wildCo-Data-Analysis/#what-this-guide-is
Young, S., Rode-Margono, J., & Amin, R. (2018). Software to facilitate and streamline camera trap data management: A review. Ecology and Evolution, 8(19), 9947–9957. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4464
Zorn, C. J. W. (1998). An Analytic and Empirical Examination of Zero-inflated and Hurdle Poisson Specifications. Sociological Methods and Research 26(3), 368-400. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124198026003004
Zuur, A. K., Ieno, E. N., & Smith, G. M. (2007). Generalised linear modelling. In, M. Gail, K. Krickeberg, J. Samet, A. Tsiatis, & W. Wong (Eds.), Analysing Ecological Data (pp 79-96). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-5823.2007.00030_17.x